- Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size
- PCR can be used to amplify small amount of DNA
- DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA
- Genetic modification is carried out lby gene transfer between species
- Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell
- Many plant species and some animal species have natural methods of cloning
- Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells
- Methods have been developed for cloning adult animals using differentiated cells
Applications and skills:
- Be able to describe the use of DNA profiling in paternity and forensic investigations
- Be able to describe the process of gene transfer to bacteria using plasmids, restriction endonucleases, and DNA ligase
- Be able to assess potential risks and benefits associated with genetic modification of crops
- Be able to describe the process of making cloned embryos produced by somatic-cell nuclear transfer (as in Dolly the sheep)
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